calibration of a wdn using optimization techniques in localization of pressure measurements by applying artificial nodal leaks

undoubtedly, sampling design is an important issue in monitoring of a water distribution network (wdn). the aim of the current paper which focuses on the localization of samplings, is to present a practical method for optimization of the position and number of the pressure measurements. this method works based on the assumption of some leakages in a network and searching for them by nodal pressure readings with the aid of two optimization loops using ant colony optimization technique. the method is applied to the anytown network and the obtained results are compared with the previous works. the results are in good agreement with each other. prior to field works of the installation of the pressure gages on the network, by analyzing the hydraulic model of the network, one can easily propose the best as well as the least nodes of the pressure measurements.